“Can Students Develop Sophisticated Thinking Skills?
The Delphi Report (American Philosophical Association, 1990) described the ideal critical thinker as one who is
habitually inquisitive, well-informed, trustful of reason, open-minded, flexible, fair-minded in evaluation, honest in facing personal biases, prudent in making judgments, willing to reconsider, clear about issues, orderly in complex matters, diligent in seeking relevant information, reasonable in the selection of criteria, focused in inquiry, and persistent in seeking results which are as precise as the subject and the circumstances of inquiry permit.
The literature of critical thinking has recognised that to achieve these goals, students need not only the capacity (or “skills”), but also the disposition to engage in such practices (Perkins, Farady, & Bushey, 1991). This emphasis puts focus on “the full educational surround” and “asks teachers to create a culture of thinking in the classroom” (Tishman, Jay, & Perkins, 1992). The main strategy used to develop this culture is frequent use of Thinking Routines: “simple patterns or structures, used over and over again, that support and scaffold specific thinking moves or actions.” The primary purpose of these routines is to make the “thinking of everyone in the classroom more visible and apparent” (Ritchhart, Palmer, Church, & Tishman, 2006).”